by 2WO Lim Keng Hung Alfred, Singapore Armed Forces
Traditional military engagements are not the only threats in today’s rapidly evolving global landscape. Adversaries are increasingly utilizing a combination of direct military force, information activities, and other instruments of national power to create a complex web of lethal and nonlethal effects. This approach allows them to operate more sophisticatedly while less constrained by geographic, functional, legal, or moral boundaries. Joint force campaigns and operations are essential to protecting and promoting the nation’s interests in a dynamic environment. The ability to prevail in armed conflict against various enemies remains paramount and requires a comprehensive understanding of the interconnected nature of modern warfare and the integration of different capabilities across multiple domains (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2022).
In the 21st century, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) terror threats have become increasingly common worldwide. CBRN and explosive agents can cause significant harm, disruption, and chaos to a country. To effectively mitigate the risks posed by CBRN threats, the government must maintain a vigilant and comprehensive monitoring system to respond to them. On 19 October 2023, Singapore received at least 20 reported bomb threats between August and October 2023 (Cheong, 2023). One of the most recent events was a bomb threat on a flight from Singapore to Perth on 12 October 2023 (Singapore Police Force, 2023). Even though it is a false bomb threat, the quick responses to the emergencies have illustrated the importance of protection against CBRN threats. The purpose of this essay is to thoroughly analyze the protection against CBRN threat, future of CBRN threat, and the counter measure of CBRN threat.
Protection Against CBRN Threat
According to JCS (2022), protection is one of the seven joint warfighting functions that assist the Joint Force Commander (JFC) and the combatant commanders to collaborate, synchronize, and direct a joint operation. The function of protection is to ensure the safety and protection of both military and nonmilitary personnel, as well as the high-value targets, critical assets, facilities, key installations, and infrastructure. This includes measures to secure and defend these assets during peace and operation and whether they are located within or outside the boundaries of a given operational area. The goal is to maintain mission effectiveness and survivability of those resources that are always available and operational.
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) play an important in national security and defense. One of the protection tasks that the SAF protected against is Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Explosive (CBRE) defense because due to the potential harm caused by CBRE explosive agents, including chemical reactions, biological infections, and disease, radiological long-term effects on human health, and explosive destructive power, they can cause significant impact, disruption, and chaos within the country (Tan, 2012). Moreover, according to JCS (2021), it is crucial to recognize that threats of this nature impact joint security and operational environments. These are level I threats, indicating their severity and potential consequences as they directly affect the confidence in the nation’s defense capabilities.
Therefore, it is imperative to prioritize day-to-day force protection measures and develop effective responses to counter any CBRN threat. JCS (2022) states that force protection is crucial in preventing and mitigating threats posed by external enemies and insider actors. It encompasses a range of measures to safeguard state personnel, valuable resources, facilities, and critical information from harm or compromise. Given the consistent presence of these threats, it becomes essential for defense forces to remain vigilant and initiative-taking in their efforts to mitigate risks. This approach requires a comprehensive approach encompassing continuous monitoring, intelligence gathering, training programs, and collaboration among various agencies.
For instance, the events surrounding the bomb threat that took place on 12 October 2023 were undoubtedly alarming and had the potential to cause immense harm. The safety and lives of 362 passengers and nine crew members were at risk, only to discover later that it was a false alarm. The incident activated the Republic of Singapore Air Force fighting aircraft escorting the plane to Singapore Changi Airport. At the same time, the police division and the special operations command’s K-9 unit are on-site to investigate the incident (Singapore Police Force, 2023).
However, imagine momentarily if the flight had landed in Perth, Australia, and set off the bomb on-site. In such a scenario, not only would there have been devastating consequences regarding the loss of innocent lives, but it could have also sparked a conflict between the two countries and how other countries value Singapore’s security defense. Reflecting on these hypothetical situations is crucial to underscore the importance of maintaining a strong CBRN defense. The potential repercussions of conflicts fueled by misunderstandings or false accusations can lead to unimaginable human suffering. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to assess the future CBRN threat.
Future of CBRN Threat
The evolving nature of CBRN warfare poses a significant threat to global security. According to the Department of Army (2019), this form of warfare has undergone transformations fueled by scientific discoveries and technological advancements. As a result, the possibility of state and non-state actors developing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) continues to increase as they seek to gain an advantage over the United States and its allies. One alarming aspect is that these actors may use or threaten to use CBRN weapons, which have collateral effects on noncombatants. This tactic applies political, economic, or psychological pressure, demonstrating their determination and the extent of their aggression. Given these circumstances, nations and international organizations must remain vigilant in monitoring and addressing this growing threat. Cooperation among nations is essential in developing effective countermeasures against CBRN warfare and preventing WMD proliferation by prioritizing security measures and investing in research and development.
Binder and Ackerman (2023) highlighted that in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to recognize the continued prevalence of low-end CBRN terrorism in the threat landscape. While the world could not prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from happening, the world was able to implement force health protection against the spread of COVID-19. As stated by JCS (2022), force health protection supports the after-effect of the incident or disaster by improving, preserving, or restoring the well-being of the society or the member.
As the pandemic may not significantly increase the risk of bioterrorism, it is essential to consider the potential risks posed by emerging technologies that facilitate acquisition efforts. Groups such as the Islamic State have demonstrated the use of advanced technologies to pursue destructive capabilities, highlighting the need for vigilance in monitoring their development and accessibility. These technologies’ continued advancement and availability may make it easier for individuals or groups with harmful intentions to acquire CBRN materials (Hummel, 2017). Therefore, it is the responsibility of the commanders to assess the risk and develop the necessary control measures to protect against CBRN threats.
Control Measure to Protect Against CBRN Threats
Effective planning for CBRN defense requires a comprehensive approach that considers both the strategic and operational levels, as stated by JCS (2020). At the strategic level, it is crucial to consider international law, customs, existing agreements, and arrangements with host nations to ensure all legal requirements meet the standard while dealing with international agencies and the military. Strategic-level planning should also consider factors that affect the nation’s ability to respond to CBRN threats effectively. These factors include political considerations, sociocultural factors, logistical challenges, and resource availability, which the JFC should consider in its planning process. At the operational level of planning for CBRN defense, the focus should be on understanding the specific threats posed by CBRN hazards. This approach involves assessing their capabilities and potential impact on military operations or civilian populations.
To enhance CBRN defense, JCS (2022) has put forward several suggested ways of protection functions to safeguard joint forces and vulnerable targets from potential threats. The first approach involves the adoption of active defensive measures. This approach includes implementing strategies to defend critical infrastructure such as airports, seaports, and other key facilities; by identifying these vulnerable targets and implementing initiative-taking measures, the joint forces can effectively mitigate the risks associated with CBRN incidents. The second approach recommends passive defensive measures to minimize damage in case of a CBRN outbreak. This approach entails improving the infrastructure by reinforcing buildings and constructing bunkers or shelters within facilities.
These physical enhancements provide an added layer of protection and ensure the safety of personnel during such emergencies. Additionally, enhancing surveillance systems is crucial in effective CBRN defense. Access control measures can regulate entry into sensitive areas, and customs control with data sharing with other relevant partner nations enables real-time information exchange for better situational awareness. Lastly, effective emergency management and response are crucial to mitigate their effects in the face of unforeseen incidents such as accidents, health emergencies, and natural disasters. They can minimize the impact on individuals and communities by enhancing structural resilience, developing effective evacuation plans, and ensuring access to necessary medical resources (JCS, 2022).
For instance, Singapore recognized as a crucial global financial and trading hub, boasting numerous key installations that drive our economy. However, with such prominence comes the responsibility of safeguarding these assets against potential threats, including terror attacks and bomb threats. The SAF has taken an active defensive measure by standing up active roles to ensure the safety and security of vital installations like Singapore Changi Airport. These roles involve physical protection and require insight into their day-to-day operations and understanding their thoughts on playing a pivotal role in safeguarding these assets.
The SAF’s commitment to defending against any potential threats is evident in its utilization of protection functions as part of the joint warfighting function. This approach demonstrates their dedication to maintaining a secure environment for businesses, residents, and visitors. By prioritizing the safety of critical installations through active defensive measures, Singapore highlights its unwavering commitment to maintaining its status as a thriving global hub. The efforts put forth by the SAF emphasize the collaborative nature between various stakeholders involved in ensuring security and stability within our nation’s borders (Teo, 2022)
Lastly, as a future Sergeant Major, understanding both strategic and operational planning is essential for a Sergeant Major. It allows them to participate in meaningful conversations actively and enables their involvement in the planning process as valued members of the joint planning group. By grasping the intricacies of strategic and operational planning, the Sergeant Major can effectively emphasize the importance of CBRN defense. They can highlight how CBRN defense and deterrence efforts play a significant role in ensuring national security. The knowledge and expertise gained through understanding strategic and operational planning will empower the Sergeant Major to contribute valuable insights and recommendations regarding CBRN defense strategies. They can advocate for necessary resources, training programs, and equipment to enhance national security measures.
Conclusion
Protection against CBRN threat, future of CBRN threat, and the counter measure of CBRN threat underscores the significance of planning at both strategic and operational levels. This planning sets the expectations for defense forces to implement control measures to prevent, mitigate, and neutralize the CBRN threats. By doing so, defense forces can safeguard against such hazards and ensure a safer and more secure environment.
References
Binder, M, K. & Ackerman, G, A. (2023, February 22). CBRN Terrorism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-706
Cheong, B, C. (2023, October 19). Commentary: This is how Singapore can counter the scourge of bomb hoaxes. TODAY. https://www.todayonline.com/commentary/commentary-how-singapore-can-counter-scourge-bomb-hoaxes-2285636
Department of Army. (2019). Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear operation (FM 3-11). https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN17082-FM_3-11-000-WEB-1.pdf
Hummel, S. (2017, November 16). The Islamic State and WMD: Assessing the future threat. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-islamic-state-and-wmd-assessing-the-future-threat/
Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2020). Operations in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear environments (JP 3-11). https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_11.pdf
Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2021). Joint Security Operations in Theater (JP 3-10). https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_10.pdf
Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2022). Joint Campaigns and Operations (JP 3-0). https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis/index.jsp?pindex=27&pubId=770
Singapore Police Force. (2023, October 14). Two men to be charged for two separate incidents of making a false bomb threat and communicating false information of harmful thing. Media Room. https://www.police.gov.sg/Media-Room/News/20231014_two_men_to_be_charged_for_communicating_false_information_of_harmful_thing
Tan, S. (2012. December 12). Tackling chemical threats together. Pioneer. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/pioneer/article/regular-article-detail/technology/2018-dm/07Dec2012_00225
Teo, Z, X. (2022, October 19). NS55 – defending our key installations. MINDEF. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/army/army-news-and-resources/army-news/story-detail/2022/October/NS55_Defending_our_Key_Installations
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2nd Warrant Officer (2WO) Alfred Lim is a Combat Engineer in the Singapore Armed Forces. He served in the Engineers Training Institute as a Platoon Commander, training Singapore’s next generation of Noncommissioned Officers. 2WO Alfred Lim currently attends the Sergeants Major Course – Class 74 at the US Army Noncommissioned Officer Leadership Center of Excellence as an international military student.
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